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A devastating challenge to the idea of communism as a 'great leveller', this extraordinarily original, rigorous, and ambitious book debunks Marxism-inspired accounts of its equalitarian consequences. It is the first study systematically to link the genesis of the 'bourgeoisie-cum-middle class' - Imperial, Soviet, and post-communist - to Tzarist estate institutions which distinguished between nobility, clergy, the urban merchants and meshchane, and peasants. It demonstrates how the pre-communist bourgeoisie, particularly the merchant and urban commercial strata but also the high human capital aristocracy and clergy, survived and adapted in Soviet Russia. Under both Tzarism and communism, the estate system engendered an educated, autonomous bourgeoisie and professional class, along with an oppositional public sphere, and persistent social cleavages that continue to plague democratic consensus. This book also shows how the middle class, conventionally bracketed under one generic umbrella, is often two-pronged in nature - one originating among the educated estates of feudal orders, and the other fabricated as part of state-induced modernization.

Social structure --- Democracy --- Middle class --- Bourgeoisie --- Commons (Social order) --- Middle classes --- Social classes --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Social conditions

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Abordar la existencia de unas clases medias negras en Colombia no sólo es difícil sino un aparente contrasentido, un oxímoron, porque la gente negra es imaginada como inevitablemente pobre y de »clase baja«. Pero ¿acaso no existen otras experiencias de clase dentro de esta población? Para responder al vacío investigativo sobre este grupo social este libro examina la configuración de las clases medias negras desde finales de los años treinta del siglo xx, a partir de las historias de vida de miembros de tres generaciones de familias originarias de la región del Pacífico y el Caribe que se identifican como parte de esta clase. Esta indagación se hace desde una perspectiva interseccional, que asume que no se puede entender el funcionamiento de las relaciones de poder que dan forma a estas experiencias desde un solo marco explicativo (de clase, género o raza), y que para hacerlo se deben considerar sus mutuas interrelaciones y afectaciones.

Middle class. --- Bourgeoisie --- Commons (Social order) --- Middle class --- Middle classes --- Social classes --- Social conditions --- Clases Sociales --- Interseccionalidad --- Colombia --- Población Negra --- Amerika --- Rassismus --- Politische Soziologie --- Postkolonialismus --- Lateinamerika --- Bielefeld University Press --- America --- Racism --- Political Sociology --- Postcolonialism --- Latin America

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"A collection of essays by various historians attempting to reassess and revive ideals that once powered revolutionary China and have since become mired in the authoritarian rule of the Chinese Communist Party"--

Labor --- Working class --- Communism --- S06/0420 --- S11/0534 --- S11/0830 --- Commons (Social order) --- Labor and laboring classes --- Laboring class --- Labouring class --- Working classes --- Social classes --- Manpower --- Work --- History --- China: Politics and government--CCP: since 1949 (Here also general policy and ideology in that period) --- China: Social sciences--Class studies --- China: Social sciences--Labour conditions and trade unions: since 1949 --- Employment --- Zhongguo gong chan dang. --- Zhong guo gong chan dang --- Chung-kuo kung chʻan tang --- Chūgoku Kyōsantō --- Chungguk Kongsandang --- 中国共产党 --- 中國共產黨 --- КПК --- KPK --- Komunistická strana Číny --- Komunistička partija Kine --- Communist Party of China --- Chinese Communist Party --- Communist Party (China) --- Gong chan dang (China) --- 共产党 (China) --- Коммунистическая партия Китая --- Kommunisticheskai︠a︡ partii︠a︡ Kitai︠a︡ --- Shina Kyōsantō --- Китайска комунистическа партия --- Kitaĭska komunisticheska partii︠a︡ --- Partido Comunista de China --- PCCh --- Parti communiste chinois --- CCP --- Partito comunista cinese --- KPCh --- Kommunistische Partei Chinas --- К.П.К. --- K.P.K. --- CPC --- C.C.P. --- Partia Komuniste të Kinës --- Đảng cộng sản Trung quốc --- Zhong gong --- 中共 --- Pcc --- P.C. Chino --- ХКН --- KhKN --- Хятадын Коммунист нам --- Khi︠a︡tadyn Kommunist nam --- China --- Politics and government --- History of Asia --- anno 1900-1999 --- anno 2000-2009 --- anno 2010-2019 --- anno 2020-2029